Eiffel Tower
The Eiffel Tower (in French Tour Eiffel) is the most significant cultural Famous Paris and is known worldwide as a symbol of France . It was named after its designer, the ' engineer Gustave Eiffel . It is visited on average each year from five and a half million tourists.
The structure was built in less than two years, from 1887 to 1889, would serve as a gateway to Universal Exhibition of 1889 , a World's fair to celebrate the centenary of the French Revolution . Inaugurated on March 31 of 1889 , was officially opened on May 6 the same year.
History
Three hundred metalworkers have assembled the 18,038 pieces of forged iron, using half a million nails. Given the security conditions then existing, it is surprising that only one worker has died during the construction of the tower (during the installation of elevators ).
The tower is tall with its antenna 304 meters - excluding television antennas on top, which are 20 meters high - and weighs 10,000 tons . For 40 years was the tallest structure in the world. For its maintenance are also 50 tons of paint every 7 years. Depending on the ambient temperature the height of the Eiffel Tower can vary by several inches due to the expansion of the metal (up to 15 cm higher during the summer heat). During windy on top of the tower oscillations can occur up to 12 cm.
When it was built, there was some resistance from the public, because we thought it would be a little aesthetic structure. Nowadays it is generally considered one of the examples of architectural art most extraordinary in the world.
Technical
The Eiffel Tower (in French Tour Eiffel) is the most significant cultural Famous Paris and is known worldwide as a symbol of France . It was named after its designer, the ' engineer Gustave Eiffel . It is visited on average each year from five and a half million tourists.
The structure was built in less than two years, from 1887 to 1889, would serve as a gateway to Universal Exhibition of 1889 , a World's fair to celebrate the centenary of the French Revolution . Inaugurated on March 31 of 1889 , was officially opened on May 6 the same year.
History
Three hundred metalworkers have assembled the 18,038 pieces of forged iron, using half a million nails. Given the security conditions then existing, it is surprising that only one worker has died during the construction of the tower (during the installation of elevators ).
The tower is tall with its antenna 304 meters - excluding television antennas on top, which are 20 meters high - and weighs 10,000 tons . For 40 years was the tallest structure in the world. For its maintenance are also 50 tons of paint every 7 years. Depending on the ambient temperature the height of the Eiffel Tower can vary by several inches due to the expansion of the metal (up to 15 cm higher during the summer heat). During windy on top of the tower oscillations can occur up to 12 cm.
When it was built, there was some resistance from the public, because we thought it would be a little aesthetic structure. Nowadays it is generally considered one of the examples of architectural art most extraordinary in the world.
Technical
Materials: wrought iron. Main measures
Foundations
height from the ground (sea level) →
33.50 m Internal length of the gap between two pillars →
74.24 meters Overall length of the gap between two pillars → 1, 124.90 meters
level height from the ground floor →
57.63 meters Height of the floor than at sea level → Outside
91.13 meters (floor level) → 70.69 meters
area (floor level) → 4200 m2
Level 2
Height the floor to the ground →
115.73 meters Height of the floor compared to the level of 149.23 meters above sea →
Outside (at floor level) → 40.96 meters
area (floor level) → 1650 m2
Level 3
Floor height above ground →
276.13 meters Height of the floor compared to the level of 309.63 meters above sea →
Outside (at floor level) → 18.65 meters
surface (at floor level ) → 350 m2
Pinnacle
Total height with antenna (April 2, 2005 measurements) →
Total height 325 meters with antenna (size 2000) → 324 meters Overall Height
with antenna (size 1994) →
318.70 meters Overall height with antenna (size 1991) →
317.96 meters Overall height with flag (size 1889) →
312.27 meters Overall height without a flag (size 1889) → 300
meters Total weight 7224 t →
Use
the beginning Eiffel had a permit to leave the tower standing for only 20 years, but because of its usefulness because of communication and as a laboratory for scientific study was allowed to stay.
TRIAL extreme front of the Eiffel Tower
Gustave Eiffel himself since then contributed to research that led to the installation of a barometer , a lightning rod and an apparatus for wireless telegraphy . From New Year's Day 2000 Tower is a beacon that lights the city since then every night.
Eiffel, who earlier had no other ambition than to celebrate with the progress of this construction technique, she was soon forced to find utility Tower to its scientific, meteorological measurements such as, air analysis, experiences like that of Foucault, and so on.
will not only be an object of curiosity to the public, both during and after exposure, but it will make more services to science and national defense. Just as national defense, in fact, saved the tower from the destruction that was intended. From
1898 Eiffel had allowed Eugene Ducretet to experiment with wireless telegraphy between the Tower and the Pantheon , and offered to direction the genius of finance himself. General Ferri, who became a friend of Eiffel, succeeded in the first statement of this kind by promoting the cause of the tower along with the military against the demolition.
Thus the Eiffel Tower permitted to communicate with warships and airships, as well as to intercept the messages of the enemy. In this way it was possible then the arrest of Gertrude Zelle, Mata Hari said , and were mobilized Parisian taxi in time to send them on the front of the Marne where they became forever "taxis of the Marne."
Events
View from the tower across the river Seine , showing the Trocadero gardens and the Palais de Chaillot
A look at low ... The
January 21 1908, the first radio message was sent long distance from the tower.
Father Theodor Wulf in 1910 taken measures of radiation either at the top to the bottom of the tower, revealing the top more than expected. Discovered in this way cosmic rays. In 1925
the con artist Victor Lustig "sold" twice the Eiffel Tower for scrap. In 1929
the Tower lost the title of world's tallest structure when it was completed Chrysler Building of New York . When
Adolf Hitler visited Paris during World War II , the French turn off the elevators, so it would have been forced to climb the 1792 steps to the summit. The French said that because of the war it was impossible to find a replacement part, although a few hours after the departure of the Nazis the lift is working again. Hitler stood at the foot of the Eiffel Tower. The
January 3 1956 a fire damaged the top of the tower. In 1959
the present radio antenna was added on top. In
80 an old restaurant, which was at half height, was dismantled with all the structure that supports it. This restaurant was bought and rebuilt New Orleans, Louisiana under the name "Eiffel Tower Restaurant" and more recently known as the "Red Room". In 2000
, flashing lights and other lights were installed on the tower. Since then the light show Night has become a daily occurrence.
The tower has received 200 million of guests on November 28 of 2002 . The
July 22 of 2003 at 19:20 a fire broke out in the hall of transmission facilities. The entire tower was evacuated and the fire was extinguished in 40 minutes. There were no casualties.
Reproductions and imitations
Several reproductions of Eiffel Tower (often on a smaller scale) are to:
Tokyo, Japan : call Tokyo Tower (13 meters higher than the 'original scale 1.04: 1)
Blackpool, England - Blackpool Tower is not a structure in itself, is situated above the whole of "Tower Ballroom" and has four "legs" of the original.
Guatemala City , Guatemala - Torre del Reformador, 75 meters high.
Paradise, Nevada , near Las Vegas , USA (scale 1:2)
Prague, Czech Republic (scale 1:5), Petrinska rozhledna, built in 1891
Shenzhen, China (scale 1:3)
King's Island theme park, Ohio (scale 1:3)
an imitation in front of the Paris Hotel, Las Vegas , 540 feet high (164 ft, scale 1:2).
Wembley Park, London - Watkins' Tower
Lyon
Rates and schedules
Tokyo, Japan : call Tokyo Tower (13 meters higher than the 'original scale 1.04: 1)
Blackpool, England - Blackpool Tower is not a structure in itself, is situated above the whole of "Tower Ballroom" and has four "legs" of the original.
Guatemala City , Guatemala - Torre del Reformador, 75 meters high.
Paradise, Nevada , near Las Vegas , USA (scale 1:2)
Prague, Czech Republic (scale 1:5), Petrinska rozhledna, built in 1891
Shenzhen, China (scale 1:3)
King's Island theme park, Ohio (scale 1:3)
an imitation in front of the Paris Hotel, Las Vegas , 540 feet high (164 ft, scale 1:2).
Wembley Park, London - Watkins' Tower
Lyon
Rates and schedules
The Eiffel Tower (elevator access, stairs times are reduced) is open from 9 am to midnight in summer (June 11 to August 28) and from 9.30 to 23, the rest of the year. Rates [1] (2007) are (a person): With the elevator
level 3 € 11.50 (6.30 € 3 to 11 years)
level 2 7, € 80 (4.30 € 3 to 11 years)
Level 1 € 4.50 (2,30 € 3 to 11 years) with stairs
€ 4.00 (3,10 € 3 to 25 years )
(free for children under 3 years)
